Sheikh Hasina is credited for the country's economic progress but also accused of authoritarianism.
Hasina has called the court's decision "biased and politically motivated" in a statement released after the verdict.
The civil engineer was seen in the front row of a protest organised by the National Socialist Network.
The Communist Party's Jeanette Jara will face far-right candidate José Antonio Kast in the second round of voting in December.
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